RESUMO
In recent years, smart city projects and initiatives have surged around the globe. Yet, a wide range of factors determine the success or failure of such initiatives and there is still a long road ahead in terms of effective governance and innovation management. In such a context, this study explores the specific case of PCT Cartuja (science and technology park in Seville, Spain)-analyzing several smart-mobility and smart-climate solutions from a Triple Helix Model standpoint. The authors tap into multiple information sources to describe the case and key implications of smart initiatives for both theory and management are discussed. This paper shows the current progress as well as the remaining challenges to illustrate how public-private partnerships and conflict can be effectively managed.
Assuntos
Clima , Tecnologia , Espanha , CidadesRESUMO
Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii remains a relevant topic of study, since genotypes can be related to the presentation and severity of toxoplasmosis. To date, 292 restriction fragment length polymorphism genotypes have been described around the world. Serosurveys in southeastern Mexico have documented exposure in over 70% of people and certain animals. Recently, we have described new genotypes and mixed infections in feral cats from Quintana Roo. Thus, the aim of this study was to genotype T. gondii and to describe its genetic variability, from naturally infected stray dogs of Chiapas, which has different geographical and climatic conditions from those found at the Yucatan Peninsula and the other parts of the country. Eleven stray dogs were captured and bled to obtain DNA, and then they were euthanized to perform necropsies and to collect target tissues. Diagnosis of T. gondii was done by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and endpoint PCR. Genotyping was carried out, amplifying 12 polymorphic markers and 15 microsatellites. Atypical SAG3 gene products were cloned and sequenced. All blood samples of dogs were positive to T. gondii DNA by PCR. Two isolates were obtained from pooled heart and diaphragm tissue of two dogs. Two complete PCR-RFLP genotypes were identified (type BrIII and #28). Four animals had mixed infections. A new RFLP atypical allele for the SAG3 marker was observed; cloning and sequencing analysis of this locus revealed mixed infection by a strain identical to GT1, and one type I × II intragenic recombinant. The microsatellite analysis revealed that both isolates are atypical. Thus, atypical new genotypes of T. gondii and mixed infections were found in dogs of Chiapas. The results found here and in genotyping studies in México suggest that the southeastern region favours wide genetic diversity of T. gondii and the possible presence of virulent genotypes such as those found in central and South America.
Assuntos
Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasmose Animal , Animais , Sangue/parasitologia , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Cães , Marcadores Genéticos , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição/genética , América do Sul , Toxoplasma/classificação , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , ZoonosesRESUMO
The reduction of the gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) larvae population in faeces of cattle treated with Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores on a farm under an organic production system in Chiapas, Mexico, was assessed. Seventeen Cebu/Swiss crossbreed grazing calves naturally infected with GIN, were randomly distributed into two groups and treated as follows: Group 1, an oral administration of 2 × 106D. flagrans chlamydospores/kg BW, every two days for 30 days; group 2, Control, without any treatment. Results indicated that the epg values in both groups remained similar (p > 0.05). The average number of (L3) from coprocultures from the group treated with D. flagrans had an important reduction (53.8%) with respect to the control group and it reached 75.3% maximum larval reduction at the 14th sampling; although, no statistic significance was observed (p > 0.05). Likewise, the average of larvae (L3) recovered from grass corresponding to the animals treated with D. flagrans diminished at 25.1% with respect to the control group (p > 0.05). A mixture of GIN genera including Strongyloides sp., Haemonchus sp., Cooperia sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Oesophagostomum sp. and Mecistocirrus sp., were identified from coprocultures. It was concluded that treatment with D. flagrans chlamydospores reduces the GIN larvae population in grass and in faeces of calves maintained under an organic milk production system.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Indústria de Laticínios/métodos , Duddingtonia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Agricultura Orgânica/métodos , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Enteropatias Parasitárias/prevenção & controle , Larva , Masculino , México , Infecções por Nematoides/prevenção & controle , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Distribuição Aleatória , Esporos Fúngicos , Clima TropicalRESUMO
La presente versión de la publicación es una actualización de los datos consignados en las tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos, publicadas en el año 2009. Asimismo, se ha basado en el recojo de muestras en las zonas de mayor producción y de mayor consumo de la población, y analizadas en los laboratorios considerando metodologías nacionales e internacionales. Se ha considerado la actualización de 32 e incorporando 77 grupos de cereales, verduras, hortalizas y derivados, frutas y derivados, huevos y derivados, leguminosas y derivados, tubérculos, raíces y derivados(AU)
Assuntos
Tabela de Composição de Alimentos , Análise de Alimentos , Composição de Alimentos , PeruRESUMO
La versión de la publicación es una actualización de los datos consignados en las tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos, publicadas en el año 2009. Asimismo, se ha basado en el recojo de muestras en las zonas de mayor producción y de mayor consumo de la población, y analizadas en los laboratorios considerando metodologías nacionales e internacionales. Se ha considerado la actualización de 32 e incorporando 77 grupos de cereales, verduras, hortalizas y derivados, frutas y derivados, huevos y derivados, leguminosas y derivados, tubérculos, raíces y derivados
Assuntos
Tabela de Composição de Alimentos , Composição de Alimentos , Análise de Alimentos , PeruRESUMO
T lymphocytes from the immune system are bone marrow-derived cells whose development and activities are carefully supervised by two sets of accessory cells. In the thymus, the immature young T lymphocytes are engulfed by epithelial "nurse cells" and retained in vacuoles, where most of them (95%) are negatively selected and removed when they have an incomplete development or express high affinity autoreactive receptors. The mature T lymphocytes that survive to this selection process leave the thymus and are controlled in the periphery by another subpopulation of accessory cells called "regulatory cells," which reduce any excessive immune response and the risk of collateral injuries to healthy tissues. By different times and procedures, nurse cells and regulatory cells control both the development and the functions of T lymphocyte subpopulations. Disorders in the T lymphocytes development and migration have been observed in some parasitic diseases, which disrupt the thymic microenvironment of nurse cells. In other cases, parasites stimulate rather than depress the functions of regulatory T cells decreasing T-mediated host damages. This paper is a short review regarding some features of these accessory cells and their main interactions with T immature and mature lymphocytes. The modulatory role that neurotransmitters and hormones play in these interactions is also revised.
Assuntos
Células Epiteliais/citologia , Sistema Imunitário/fisiologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/citologia , Linfócitos T/citologia , Animais , Apoptose , Movimento Celular , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Timo/citologiaRESUMO
La presente publicación establece las pautas que orientan al personal de salud durante el cálculo teórico de la ración del programa del vaso de leche a fin de que los alimentos que se adquieran y distribuyan en dicho programa, cumplan con los valores nutricionales mínimos establecidos(AU)
Assuntos
Programas de Nutrição , Educação Alimentar e Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Política NutricionalRESUMO
La presente publicación establece las pautas que orientan al personal de salud durante el cálculo teórico de la ración del programa del vaso de leche a fin de que los alimentos que se adquieran y distribuyan en dicho programa, cumplan con los valores nutricionales mínimos establecidos
Assuntos
Educação Alimentar e Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Política Nutricional , Programas de NutriçãoRESUMO
Neurotransmitters released through peripheral and autonomic nerves play an important role in the signaling from the cells of the nervous system to lymphocytes, macrophages and other cells of the immune system. Macrophages are related to numerous physiological and pathological inflammatory processes since their cytokines play an important role in the defensive responses against invasive microorganisms, atherosclerosis progress, insulin resistance, behavior deviation, hematopoiesis feedback, degenerative chronic diseases and the stimulation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal axis. Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages is the main target for the modulatory activity of diverse neurotransmitters. In this brief review, we show how some neurotransmitters released by the central or the autonomic nervous systems down-regulate peripheral macrophages' inflammatory functions to balance immune protective mechanisms, although they can also promote the collateral progress of diverse diseases. The possible therapeutic uses of some neurotransmitters and the agonists or antagonist of their respective receptors are included as well.
Assuntos
Imunomodulação/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Neuroimunomodulação/imunologia , Neurotransmissores/fisiologia , Animais , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso/imunologia , Neurotransmissores/farmacologia , Neurotransmissores/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The expression and functionality of the gamma aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABA(A)R) in mice macrophages was explored. Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction showed that macrophages express the GABA(A)R RNA for the alpha1, alpha2, beta3 and delta subunits, but not for the alpha5, beta1, beta2 and gamma3 subunits. The expression of alpha1 subunit was also revealed by confocal microscopy. LPS-stimulated macrophages significantly reduced their in vitro production of IL-6 and IL-12 after GABA adding to the culture medium. These results showed that BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages express a functional subset of GABA(A)R subunits.
Assuntos
Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Peritônio/citologia , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores de GABA-A/genética , Análise de Variância , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Interações Medicamentosas , Antagonistas GABAérgicos/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Picrotoxina/farmacologia , Subunidades Proteicas/genética , RNA Mensageiro/fisiologia , Receptores de GABA-A/metabolismo , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismoRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico observacional restrospectivo del perfil epidemiológico de morbilidad por laringitis nodular crónica profesional, diagnosticada en Cuba durante el período 1998-2003, con el uso del modelo Declaración de Enfermedad Profesional del sistema de vigilancia de enfermedades profesionales del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Se diagnosticaron 841 casos con tasa de incidencia entre 11,58 y 5,60 x 103 expuestos. Los grupos más afectados fueron las mujeres (92,0 y tasa de incidencia entre 15,79 y 9,57 x 10 3 ); los técnicos y profesionales (97,2) y las maestras de nivel primario (81,68 y tasa entre 26,8 y 11,9 x 103). El uso profesional de la voz fue excesivo y las condiciones de trabajo inadecuadas en la mayoría de los casos. Aún cuando la frecuencia y gravedad de la enfermedad tiende a disminuir, el 94 por ciento tuvo incapacidad laboral, por lo que se considera como un problema de salud ocupacional en el sector educacional cubano a incluir en los sistemas de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo
Assuntos
Humanos , Educação , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Laringite , Saúde Ocupacional , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico observacional restrospectivo del perfil epidemiológico de morbilidad por laringitis nodular crónica profesional, diagnosticada en Cuba durante el período 1998-2003, con el uso del modelo Declaración de Enfermedad Profesional del sistema de vigilancia de enfermedades profesionales del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Se diagnosticaron 841 casos con tasa de incidencia entre 11,58 y 5,60 x 103 expuestos. Los grupos más afectados fueron las mujeres (92,0 y tasa de incidencia entre 15,79 y 9,57 x 10 3 ); los técnicos y profesionales (97,2) y las maestras de nivel primario (81,68 y tasa entre 26,8 y 11,9 x 103). El uso profesional de la voz fue excesivo y las condiciones de trabajo inadecuadas en la mayoría de los casos. Aún cuando la frecuencia y gravedad de la enfermedad tiende a disminuir, el 94 por ciento tuvo incapacidad laboral, por lo que se considera como un problema de salud ocupacional en el sector educacional cubano a incluir en los sistemas de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo(AU)
